Far-Right Floods Chile With Misinformation Ahead of Vote on New Constitution

Fears are growing that a new, progressive constitution drafted by a democratically elected body of citizens may not be approved by Chilean voters this weekend as right-wing forces flood the country with misinformation.

Even though Chileans voted by a 4-to-1 margin during a historic October 2020 plebiscite to create a new constitution to replace the neoliberal charter imposed by Gen. Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship, the resulting document is at risk of being rejected in Sunday's referendum, polls have consistently shown.

"We're inundated with a tsunami of information," Eugenio Garcia--a former advertising executive who worked on the successful campaign urging Chileans to say "no" to eight more years of Pinochet's junta in a 1988 plebiscite--toldThe Guardian on Wednesday. "Nowadays, it's hard to tell what's true, false, biased, or malicious."

Following 10 months of debate at 103 plenary sessions, Chile's gender-equal 154-member constituent assembly in May finalized a new draft constitution that would empower workers with guaranteed labor rights and an expanded social welfare state, enshrine gender equality and Indigenous rights, and prioritize environmental protection.

The 178-page document, formally presented to the public in July, has been hailed by progressive scholars around the globe as a "visionary product" from which other countries have "much to learn."

Just as soon as the effort to establish an egalitarian and ecologically responsible society began, however, so too did the right-wing campaign to discredit it and prevent its passage.

"With the first plebiscite there was a boom of misinformation," Valentina Matus, the editor of Contexto Factual, told The Guardian, referring to the October 2020 referendum in which nearly 80% of Chileans voted in favor of writing a new constitution to replace the current right-wing one that was implemented in 1980 under anti-democratic conditions.

"Even though there wasn't anything written yet, they were already saying that you could have your house taken away," said Matus.

According to The Guardian:

During a televised campaign in 2021, a right-wing party falsely claimed that the new constitution would change Chile's national anthem, flag--and even the name of the country.

Online, the daily swirl of false announcements and misleading interpretations of the text have made fact-checking difficult.

"There are constant examples of statements that I don't consider outright lies, but rather exaggerations," said Eduardo Arriagada, an adjunct professor in the communications department at the Pontifical Catholic University in Santiago.

"Constitutions don't usually give details, they give broad definitions and allow for a range of scenarios for the law to sort out later," he added, "but that leaves them open to interpretation."

In May, for instance, Sen. Felipe Kast--nephew of Jose Antonio Kast, a far-right supporter of Pinochet who lost to leftist President Gabriel Boric in December's election--claimed that the new constitution would authorize abortion up to the ninth month of pregnancy. In reality, the text codifies reproductive freedom while leaving details up to legislators.

Among the most common falsehoods is that the new constitution could lead to the widespread confiscation of private property, The Guardian noted. One website designed to mimic that of the constitutional convention has gone so far as to claim that the draft constitution's provisions against water privatization would prohibit people from buying bottled water and bags of ice for backyard gatherings.

"From day one, the campaign against the new constitution manipulated what I said and sowed lies," said Elisa Loncon, an Indigenous academic who represented Mapuche people at Chile's constitutional convention and was elected its first president.

"What they want is to silence and minimize us," she said. "All of the Mapuche women in the convention were subject to these attacks."

Far-right activists have also reportedly emulated authoritarian figures like former U.S. President Donald Trump and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro by baselessly attacking the integrity of Chile's electoral system and suggesting that they may not accept the results if voters approve the new constitution.

The spread of misinformation by reactionary forces within Chile has been mirrored by a global right-wing smear campaign led by corporate media outlets.

For example, The Economist--which actively helped foment the 1973 coup that deposed democratically elected socialist President Salvador Allende and brought Pinochet to power--has criticized the draft constitution as a "left-wing wish list," while The Financial Times has asserted that it threatens Chile's "business climate."

Delegates to the convention crafted a founding document that guarantees universal access to health, housing, education, and a livable planet as human rights in an effort to combat the inequality that has been so deeply entrenched by the current neoliberal policy blueprint still in place more than three decades after Pinochet's ouster.

If a majority of adults don't vote yay on the draft on Sunday, September 4, the existing constitution--a key source of the reproduction of injustices that provoked a weekslong revolt in 2019--will remain in force by default.