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But a number of predictable tensions bubbled up at the gathering, some related to land defence and workers' rights. How do we shift from a petro-economy to prevent catastrophic climate change while safeguarding workers whose livelihoods depend on the resource economy? Over the past few decades a green economy, which would ensure jobs and equity within a low-carbon economy, has been posited as a solution.
Extending from this and in the context of reconciliation, I want to envision emancipatory possibilities of solidarity between workers' movements for self-management and Indigenous struggles for self-determination.
Land defence as labor, blockades as pickets
Capitalism not only creates the conditions for the expropriation of labour, but also limits what can even be characterized as labor.
Our society primarily defines workers as those producing within the industrial, financial, service or technological economies. Labor outside of these economies is not only devalued, but also unrecognized as productive labor. This includes reproductive and affective labor, land stewardship, and care work. Single mothers, elders, peasants, women of color, and Indigenous communities, all of whom are deliberately impoverished and stigmatized as "uncontributing," overwhelmingly undertake this hard work that maintains life itself.
Blockades from Clayoquot to Caledonia have long been sites of conflict between workers in the resource sector and land defenders working to protect the land. Within the house of labor we can create a formidable precedent by respecting blockades as legitimate picket lines.
Furthermore, since land grabs are, to borrow from David Harvey, accumulation by dispossession, Indigenous land defence is an impediment to capital accumulation. Dene scholar Glen Coulthard notes that blockades "seek to negatively impact the economic infrastructure that is core to the colonial accumulation of capital in settler political economies like Canada's."
Strident working-class movements picket to hamper capital's exploitation of labour and strike for workers' collective control over the means of production. Similarly, Indigenous nations blockade to prevent state and capital's expropriation of natural resources by asserting Indigenous jurisdiction.
Green economy or Indigenous land-based economies?
Indigenous land defenders rarely describe their efforts as work, but rather say they are protecting a way of a life under attack by development projects. As Lianna Spence from Lax Kw'alaams, who recently voted to reject Pacific NorthWest LNG's project, states, "They're offering us benefits if we vote Yes. But we already have a lot of benefits around us - we have coho, spring and sockeye salmon. We have halibut, crab and eulachon."
We have normalized the idea of labor as a job that extracts time and energy from us for someone else's profit. But If we understand "work" and "way of life" as synonymous -- as generative rather than extractive processes -- it becomes evident that Indigenous nations are working to protect laws and relations stemming from their land-based economies.
Such economies are not only local and sustainable, but also offer a profound challenge to the logics of commodification and isolation inherent to capitalist markets. Author Leanne Betasamosake Simpson articulates, "If I look at how my ancestors even 200 years ago, they didn't spend a lot of time banking capital, they didn't rely on material wealth for their well-being and economic stability. They put energy into meaningful and authentic relationships. So their food security and economic security was based on how good and how resilient their relationships were."
With growing attacks against them since the 1980s, many North American unions retreated from anti-capitalist stances and took on more constrained slogans of "more jobs" or "fair working conditions." Fighting for dignified conditions of work is most potent when done alongside a systemic challenge to capitalist and state relations that subjugate the social and class positioning of workers (particularly racialized non-citizen women increasingly stratified into precarious work).
The bold leadership of unions that revive principles of social unionism ensures that unions are not simply advocating mobility within capitalism and state structures, but are primary allies in the struggle against capitalism and imperialism.
As Herman Rosenfeld, a former GM worker, writes, "Job security is key, but what kind of jobs? Is the job security strategy one that works against the interests of the rest of the working-class and First Nations peoples, or in partnership with them? Moving away from the narrow focus on the short-term sectoral interests of a relatively small group of workers, whose jobs are currently defined by their employers, is a critical way of building unions as fighters for the class as a whole, and for a different, sustainable, and hopefully anti-capitalist future."
Simply put, workers shouldn't have to extract toxic sludge. Workers want and need clean air, clean water, and a more equitable future.
Labour within settler-colonialism
While a reconceptualization of work strengthens alliances between workers and Indigenous movements, it is inadequate in contending with settler-colonialism and the context of labouring on Indigenous lands.
Since the inception of Canada, settler-colonialism has sought to forcibly displace Indigenous peoples from their territories, destroy self-determination within Indigenous governance, and assimilate Indigenous cultures and traditions. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission has painstakingly recounted how Canada clearly participated in "cultural genocide."
A pervasive myth is that the Canadian economy subsidizes Indigenous communities. The reality is the opposite. As one tangible act of reconciliation, unions can educate members on how industry's profits are not only generated by the labor of the working class. The wealth of Canadian society as a whole could not be built, as Dru Oja Jay argues, "without massive subsidies: of [Indigenous] land, resource wealth, and the incalculable cost of generations of suffering."
Or imagine if every union in Canada adopted the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and made free, prior and informed consent from Indigenous nations a necessary part of any collective bargaining it undertakes with government and industry.
The possibilities are endless and the power within such genuine acts of solidarity and reconciliation are transformative.
Given the scale of catastrophic climate change, state violence and capitalist crisis, we need to reimagine work as that which makes up the ecology and economy of everyday life through the generations. When it comes to the job of decolonization and protection of life, many aren't getting a paycheck at all.