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Most of the postmortem commentary on Hugo Chavez has focused on his domestic legacy in Venezuela, his wider regional legacy within Latin America, and what we might call his hemispheric legacy--his "special relationship" with the United States. And for good reason: these were the principal realms in which he operated during his fourteen years as Venezuela's president (1999-2013), and it is for his accomplishments in these domains that he will be remembered and the Chavez Era (it was, to be sure, an era) will be evaluated.
But there's a less discussed dimension of the Chavez legacy that I'd like to examine briefly: his relations with the countries of the Middle East and North Africa, a story whose significance became more salient with the onset of the momentous changes the region has been undergoing over the last few years--not merely since the "Arab Spring" or Arab revolts starting at the end of 2010 but going back to the upheaval in Iran in the summer of 2009.
But, first, let me be clear that I admire a great deal of what Chavez and his Bolivarian Revolution accomplished in Venezuela. As Mark Weisbrot of the Center for Economic and Policy Research points out, the Chavez government
reduced poverty by half and extreme poverty by 70 percent. Millions of people also got access to health care for the first time, and access to education also increased sharply, with college enrollment doubling and free tuition for many. Eligibility for public pensions tripled.
And it's significant that Chavez did all of this through the ballot, not the bullet. He was elected and reelected repeatedly, and by wide margins. I've praised the experiments with alternatives to neoliberalism in Venezuela, suggesting that other movements around the world study and learn from them. I've even beentaken to task for being too pro-Chavez.
It's precisely because of these positive accomplishments that Chavez's record on the Middle East and North Africa is so disconcerting.
Chavez had been an enthusiast of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad since the latter became Iran's president in 2005. In 2006, while Ahmadinejad presided over a massive escalation of repression against dissidents, trade unionists, and human rights activists in Iran, Chavez awarded him the Order of the Liberator medal, the highest honor Venezuela bestows on foreign dignitaries. In June of 2009, as millions of Iranians took to the streets to ask Where Is My Vote? Chavez was among the first world leaders to congratulate his ally in Tehran on his reelection, and the Venezuelan foreign ministry issued this statement:
The Bolivarian Government of Venezuela expresses its firm opposition to the vicious and unfounded campaign to discredit the institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, unleashed from outside, designed to roil the political climate of our brother country. From Venezuela, we denounce these acts of interference in the internal affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, while demanding an immediate halt to the maneuvers to threaten and destabilize the Islamic Revolution.
This provoked widespread dismay and appeals to Chavez from Iranians, many of whom sympathized with the ideals of the Bolivarian Revolution, to stop supporting their reactionary president. Those appeals, alas, went ignored, further damaging the standing of the Venezuelan leader among progressive Iranians.
"Complicated"
"In Egypt, the situation is complicated," Chavez pronounced during the Tahrir Square protests that brought down Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak. He remained conspicuously silent on the Battle of Cairo, one of the great democratic uprisings of recent times, remarking merely that "national sovereignty" should be respected.
But silent he was not as the Arab revolts spread to Libya and Syria; he spoke out emphatically in support of Muammar Qaddafi and Bashar Assad. Chavez had been chummy with the Libyan leader before the 2011 uprising against him; in 2009 he regaled Qaddafi with a replica of Simon Bolivar's sword and awarded him the same Order of the Liberator medal he'd bestowed on Ahmadinejad. "What Simon Bolivar is to the Venezuelan people," Chavez declared, "Qaddafi is to the Libyan people." As the Libyan revolt grew and Qaddafi went on a rampage of slaughter, Chavez was one of a handful of world leaders who stood by him: "We do support the government of Libya." That support, as one observer noted, was "politically costly and proved to be an embarrassment to many of Latin America's erstwhile revolutionaries who now share a vision of a democratic future."
"How can I not support Assad?" Chavez asked last year as the body count in Syria approached sixty thousand. While the regime bombed bread lines and hospitals, Chavez shipped upwards of 600,000 barrels of Venezuelan diesel to his ally in Damascus. Meanwhile, the Chavez-inspired Bolivarian Alliance for Latin America (ALBA) denounced a United Nations Human Rights Council resolution that condemned the Assad regime for the horrific massacre of over one hundred noncombatants, including forty-nine children. The UN resolution, ALBA protested, was an attempt to "interfere in Syria's internal affairs."
Chavez's support for despotic and murderous regimes isn't limited to the Middle East; he also hailed Zimbabwe's dictator Robert Mugabe, the late Ugandan tyrant Idi Amin, and Alexander Lukashenko, the repressive Belarusian leader known as "Europe's last dictator."
These international alliances raise troubling questions about Chavez's judgment and legacy (a legacy that awaits, and deserves, a thorough historical reckoning along the lines of Perry Anderson's magisterial retrospective on Brazil's Lula), especially for those of us who do admire many of the Bolivarian Revolution's accomplishments.
Some of Chavez's defenders chalk these unsavory alliances up to realpolitikcalculations that a Third World leader has no choice but to make in dealing with a global hegemon hell bent on undermining all alternatives to its dictates. But this only goes so far. Lula's foreign policy involved lots of deals and alliances--the Brazilian-Turkish attempt to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue, for instance--but, unlike Chavez, he never defended the repressive domestic policies of the Islamic Republic or denounced Iran's democratic movement.
A group of Iranian leftists who support the goals of the Bolivarian Revolution made this point in an open letter to Chavez. "To us," the letter reads, "it is possible for the Venezuelan government to have close diplomatic and trade relations with the Iranian government without giving it political support--particularly where domestic policy is concerned. Above all, endorsing its labor policy is in complete contradiction with your own domestic policy."
Dealing with ambiguity has never been a particular forte of the Left. Yet assessing the legacy of Hugo Chavez requires nothing so much as a sense of ambiguity. I thus find Bhaskar Sunkara's observation that the Bolivarian Revolution contains "both authoritarian and democratic, demagogic and participatory" elements most refreshing. I know from personal conversations with countless progressives that ambivalence about Chavez, particularly on the international front, runs deep--but the critical conversation has yet to reflect that ambivalence.
Theorizing Chavez's international relations--examining the ideological affinities between his left-wing populism and the right-wing populism of Ahmadinejad, exploring patterns between his domestic and foreign policies, comparing his international dealings with those of other progressive leaders in the Global South--remains to be done. I don't think any complete reckoning with the legacy of this historic political figure can be complete without confronting these questions, thorny though they may be.
Rather than draw any grand conclusions on this phenomenon, though, I'd love to hear what thoughtful admirers of Chavez might have to say on the subject. Perhaps we can enter into a critical dialogue on this theme.
Most of the postmortem commentary on Hugo Chavez has focused on his domestic legacy in Venezuela, his wider regional legacy within Latin America, and what we might call his hemispheric legacy--his "special relationship" with the United States. And for good reason: these were the principal realms in which he operated during his fourteen years as Venezuela's president (1999-2013), and it is for his accomplishments in these domains that he will be remembered and the Chavez Era (it was, to be sure, an era) will be evaluated.
But there's a less discussed dimension of the Chavez legacy that I'd like to examine briefly: his relations with the countries of the Middle East and North Africa, a story whose significance became more salient with the onset of the momentous changes the region has been undergoing over the last few years--not merely since the "Arab Spring" or Arab revolts starting at the end of 2010 but going back to the upheaval in Iran in the summer of 2009.
But, first, let me be clear that I admire a great deal of what Chavez and his Bolivarian Revolution accomplished in Venezuela. As Mark Weisbrot of the Center for Economic and Policy Research points out, the Chavez government
reduced poverty by half and extreme poverty by 70 percent. Millions of people also got access to health care for the first time, and access to education also increased sharply, with college enrollment doubling and free tuition for many. Eligibility for public pensions tripled.
And it's significant that Chavez did all of this through the ballot, not the bullet. He was elected and reelected repeatedly, and by wide margins. I've praised the experiments with alternatives to neoliberalism in Venezuela, suggesting that other movements around the world study and learn from them. I've even beentaken to task for being too pro-Chavez.
It's precisely because of these positive accomplishments that Chavez's record on the Middle East and North Africa is so disconcerting.
Chavez had been an enthusiast of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad since the latter became Iran's president in 2005. In 2006, while Ahmadinejad presided over a massive escalation of repression against dissidents, trade unionists, and human rights activists in Iran, Chavez awarded him the Order of the Liberator medal, the highest honor Venezuela bestows on foreign dignitaries. In June of 2009, as millions of Iranians took to the streets to ask Where Is My Vote? Chavez was among the first world leaders to congratulate his ally in Tehran on his reelection, and the Venezuelan foreign ministry issued this statement:
The Bolivarian Government of Venezuela expresses its firm opposition to the vicious and unfounded campaign to discredit the institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, unleashed from outside, designed to roil the political climate of our brother country. From Venezuela, we denounce these acts of interference in the internal affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, while demanding an immediate halt to the maneuvers to threaten and destabilize the Islamic Revolution.
This provoked widespread dismay and appeals to Chavez from Iranians, many of whom sympathized with the ideals of the Bolivarian Revolution, to stop supporting their reactionary president. Those appeals, alas, went ignored, further damaging the standing of the Venezuelan leader among progressive Iranians.
"Complicated"
"In Egypt, the situation is complicated," Chavez pronounced during the Tahrir Square protests that brought down Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak. He remained conspicuously silent on the Battle of Cairo, one of the great democratic uprisings of recent times, remarking merely that "national sovereignty" should be respected.
But silent he was not as the Arab revolts spread to Libya and Syria; he spoke out emphatically in support of Muammar Qaddafi and Bashar Assad. Chavez had been chummy with the Libyan leader before the 2011 uprising against him; in 2009 he regaled Qaddafi with a replica of Simon Bolivar's sword and awarded him the same Order of the Liberator medal he'd bestowed on Ahmadinejad. "What Simon Bolivar is to the Venezuelan people," Chavez declared, "Qaddafi is to the Libyan people." As the Libyan revolt grew and Qaddafi went on a rampage of slaughter, Chavez was one of a handful of world leaders who stood by him: "We do support the government of Libya." That support, as one observer noted, was "politically costly and proved to be an embarrassment to many of Latin America's erstwhile revolutionaries who now share a vision of a democratic future."
"How can I not support Assad?" Chavez asked last year as the body count in Syria approached sixty thousand. While the regime bombed bread lines and hospitals, Chavez shipped upwards of 600,000 barrels of Venezuelan diesel to his ally in Damascus. Meanwhile, the Chavez-inspired Bolivarian Alliance for Latin America (ALBA) denounced a United Nations Human Rights Council resolution that condemned the Assad regime for the horrific massacre of over one hundred noncombatants, including forty-nine children. The UN resolution, ALBA protested, was an attempt to "interfere in Syria's internal affairs."
Chavez's support for despotic and murderous regimes isn't limited to the Middle East; he also hailed Zimbabwe's dictator Robert Mugabe, the late Ugandan tyrant Idi Amin, and Alexander Lukashenko, the repressive Belarusian leader known as "Europe's last dictator."
These international alliances raise troubling questions about Chavez's judgment and legacy (a legacy that awaits, and deserves, a thorough historical reckoning along the lines of Perry Anderson's magisterial retrospective on Brazil's Lula), especially for those of us who do admire many of the Bolivarian Revolution's accomplishments.
Some of Chavez's defenders chalk these unsavory alliances up to realpolitikcalculations that a Third World leader has no choice but to make in dealing with a global hegemon hell bent on undermining all alternatives to its dictates. But this only goes so far. Lula's foreign policy involved lots of deals and alliances--the Brazilian-Turkish attempt to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue, for instance--but, unlike Chavez, he never defended the repressive domestic policies of the Islamic Republic or denounced Iran's democratic movement.
A group of Iranian leftists who support the goals of the Bolivarian Revolution made this point in an open letter to Chavez. "To us," the letter reads, "it is possible for the Venezuelan government to have close diplomatic and trade relations with the Iranian government without giving it political support--particularly where domestic policy is concerned. Above all, endorsing its labor policy is in complete contradiction with your own domestic policy."
Dealing with ambiguity has never been a particular forte of the Left. Yet assessing the legacy of Hugo Chavez requires nothing so much as a sense of ambiguity. I thus find Bhaskar Sunkara's observation that the Bolivarian Revolution contains "both authoritarian and democratic, demagogic and participatory" elements most refreshing. I know from personal conversations with countless progressives that ambivalence about Chavez, particularly on the international front, runs deep--but the critical conversation has yet to reflect that ambivalence.
Theorizing Chavez's international relations--examining the ideological affinities between his left-wing populism and the right-wing populism of Ahmadinejad, exploring patterns between his domestic and foreign policies, comparing his international dealings with those of other progressive leaders in the Global South--remains to be done. I don't think any complete reckoning with the legacy of this historic political figure can be complete without confronting these questions, thorny though they may be.
Rather than draw any grand conclusions on this phenomenon, though, I'd love to hear what thoughtful admirers of Chavez might have to say on the subject. Perhaps we can enter into a critical dialogue on this theme.
Most of the postmortem commentary on Hugo Chavez has focused on his domestic legacy in Venezuela, his wider regional legacy within Latin America, and what we might call his hemispheric legacy--his "special relationship" with the United States. And for good reason: these were the principal realms in which he operated during his fourteen years as Venezuela's president (1999-2013), and it is for his accomplishments in these domains that he will be remembered and the Chavez Era (it was, to be sure, an era) will be evaluated.
But there's a less discussed dimension of the Chavez legacy that I'd like to examine briefly: his relations with the countries of the Middle East and North Africa, a story whose significance became more salient with the onset of the momentous changes the region has been undergoing over the last few years--not merely since the "Arab Spring" or Arab revolts starting at the end of 2010 but going back to the upheaval in Iran in the summer of 2009.
But, first, let me be clear that I admire a great deal of what Chavez and his Bolivarian Revolution accomplished in Venezuela. As Mark Weisbrot of the Center for Economic and Policy Research points out, the Chavez government
reduced poverty by half and extreme poverty by 70 percent. Millions of people also got access to health care for the first time, and access to education also increased sharply, with college enrollment doubling and free tuition for many. Eligibility for public pensions tripled.
And it's significant that Chavez did all of this through the ballot, not the bullet. He was elected and reelected repeatedly, and by wide margins. I've praised the experiments with alternatives to neoliberalism in Venezuela, suggesting that other movements around the world study and learn from them. I've even beentaken to task for being too pro-Chavez.
It's precisely because of these positive accomplishments that Chavez's record on the Middle East and North Africa is so disconcerting.
Chavez had been an enthusiast of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad since the latter became Iran's president in 2005. In 2006, while Ahmadinejad presided over a massive escalation of repression against dissidents, trade unionists, and human rights activists in Iran, Chavez awarded him the Order of the Liberator medal, the highest honor Venezuela bestows on foreign dignitaries. In June of 2009, as millions of Iranians took to the streets to ask Where Is My Vote? Chavez was among the first world leaders to congratulate his ally in Tehran on his reelection, and the Venezuelan foreign ministry issued this statement:
The Bolivarian Government of Venezuela expresses its firm opposition to the vicious and unfounded campaign to discredit the institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, unleashed from outside, designed to roil the political climate of our brother country. From Venezuela, we denounce these acts of interference in the internal affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, while demanding an immediate halt to the maneuvers to threaten and destabilize the Islamic Revolution.
This provoked widespread dismay and appeals to Chavez from Iranians, many of whom sympathized with the ideals of the Bolivarian Revolution, to stop supporting their reactionary president. Those appeals, alas, went ignored, further damaging the standing of the Venezuelan leader among progressive Iranians.
"Complicated"
"In Egypt, the situation is complicated," Chavez pronounced during the Tahrir Square protests that brought down Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak. He remained conspicuously silent on the Battle of Cairo, one of the great democratic uprisings of recent times, remarking merely that "national sovereignty" should be respected.
But silent he was not as the Arab revolts spread to Libya and Syria; he spoke out emphatically in support of Muammar Qaddafi and Bashar Assad. Chavez had been chummy with the Libyan leader before the 2011 uprising against him; in 2009 he regaled Qaddafi with a replica of Simon Bolivar's sword and awarded him the same Order of the Liberator medal he'd bestowed on Ahmadinejad. "What Simon Bolivar is to the Venezuelan people," Chavez declared, "Qaddafi is to the Libyan people." As the Libyan revolt grew and Qaddafi went on a rampage of slaughter, Chavez was one of a handful of world leaders who stood by him: "We do support the government of Libya." That support, as one observer noted, was "politically costly and proved to be an embarrassment to many of Latin America's erstwhile revolutionaries who now share a vision of a democratic future."
"How can I not support Assad?" Chavez asked last year as the body count in Syria approached sixty thousand. While the regime bombed bread lines and hospitals, Chavez shipped upwards of 600,000 barrels of Venezuelan diesel to his ally in Damascus. Meanwhile, the Chavez-inspired Bolivarian Alliance for Latin America (ALBA) denounced a United Nations Human Rights Council resolution that condemned the Assad regime for the horrific massacre of over one hundred noncombatants, including forty-nine children. The UN resolution, ALBA protested, was an attempt to "interfere in Syria's internal affairs."
Chavez's support for despotic and murderous regimes isn't limited to the Middle East; he also hailed Zimbabwe's dictator Robert Mugabe, the late Ugandan tyrant Idi Amin, and Alexander Lukashenko, the repressive Belarusian leader known as "Europe's last dictator."
These international alliances raise troubling questions about Chavez's judgment and legacy (a legacy that awaits, and deserves, a thorough historical reckoning along the lines of Perry Anderson's magisterial retrospective on Brazil's Lula), especially for those of us who do admire many of the Bolivarian Revolution's accomplishments.
Some of Chavez's defenders chalk these unsavory alliances up to realpolitikcalculations that a Third World leader has no choice but to make in dealing with a global hegemon hell bent on undermining all alternatives to its dictates. But this only goes so far. Lula's foreign policy involved lots of deals and alliances--the Brazilian-Turkish attempt to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue, for instance--but, unlike Chavez, he never defended the repressive domestic policies of the Islamic Republic or denounced Iran's democratic movement.
A group of Iranian leftists who support the goals of the Bolivarian Revolution made this point in an open letter to Chavez. "To us," the letter reads, "it is possible for the Venezuelan government to have close diplomatic and trade relations with the Iranian government without giving it political support--particularly where domestic policy is concerned. Above all, endorsing its labor policy is in complete contradiction with your own domestic policy."
Dealing with ambiguity has never been a particular forte of the Left. Yet assessing the legacy of Hugo Chavez requires nothing so much as a sense of ambiguity. I thus find Bhaskar Sunkara's observation that the Bolivarian Revolution contains "both authoritarian and democratic, demagogic and participatory" elements most refreshing. I know from personal conversations with countless progressives that ambivalence about Chavez, particularly on the international front, runs deep--but the critical conversation has yet to reflect that ambivalence.
Theorizing Chavez's international relations--examining the ideological affinities between his left-wing populism and the right-wing populism of Ahmadinejad, exploring patterns between his domestic and foreign policies, comparing his international dealings with those of other progressive leaders in the Global South--remains to be done. I don't think any complete reckoning with the legacy of this historic political figure can be complete without confronting these questions, thorny though they may be.
Rather than draw any grand conclusions on this phenomenon, though, I'd love to hear what thoughtful admirers of Chavez might have to say on the subject. Perhaps we can enter into a critical dialogue on this theme.