Doing More to Protect Frontline Communities Ten Years After Katrina

As we come up on the 10^th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, the terrible devastation wrought by the hurricane is in the headlines again. For those who experienced the storm first-hand, the ongoing struggle to recover is ever-present, and this must be a wrenching anniversary. What can we do as a nation to support frontline communities better prepared and protected for future disasters? How can we better account for the growing risks to coastal communities, especially in light of sea level rise and worsening storm surge? And how can we ensure that we equitably channel our investments to build resilience in all communities?

Building equity into disaster recovery efforts

Major storms like Katrina cut a wide swathe of destruction. Still, they have a disproportionate impact on marginalized communities that may lack the means to get out of harm's way or live in places that are more prone to flooding or more exposed to wind damage. Low-income and fixed-income households may also be unable to afford to pay for insurance that could help cover their losses. The elderly can be particularly vulnerable. All this means that recovery efforts and preparations for the next storm must be made to protect those most at risk.

In the case of storms like Katrina, two federal agencies play a major role in disaster aid and recovery: the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Once a presidential disaster declaration is made, several federal response and recovery programs are triggered, with funding attached as Congress approves. Through various programs deployed in the wake of Katrina, FEMA has spent nearly $10 billion in Mississippi. The agency has also spent nearly $20 billion in Louisiana on recovery, rebuilding, and mitigation after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. In addition, Congress appropriated $19.7 billion in supplemental Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program funds administered by HUD for Gulf Coast disaster recovery in the wake of Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma in 2005.

Targeting these major sources of funding more effectively and ensuring that they are helping communities become resilient instead of just rebuilding as before in potentially maladaptive ways is an important opportunity to do better. As my colleague Erika wrote: We simply can't afford to still play business as usual.

Furthermore, we've got to make sure that aid also flows to those who rent, instead of just to homeowners, that communities get help navigating myriad administrative hurdles in applying for aid (including translation services if needed), and that those who are displaced have the opportunity to return if they want.

Mississippi's housing crisis as an example of policy missteps

If shelter is considered a basic human need, Mississippi's experience after Katrina highlights the importance of ensuring disaster aid funding prioritizes rebuilding and repairing safe, affordable housing in frontline communities. For example, a study from the RAND Corporation estimated that affordable housing units in Harrison County, MS, which were already in short supply prior to the storm, declined by 25 percent due to damage from Katrina.

Recovery efforts focused more on repairing single-family, owner-occupied homes than on multi-family rental units. This increased the shortage of affordable housing, with rents climbing for the remaining units. Employment losses, healthcare costs, and property damage caused by the storm have further damaged low-income communities.

A striking example of the missteps in recovery efforts was the diversion of disaster aid from rebuilding affordable housing to building the Port of Gulfport. Local groups had to sue HUD to remedy the situation.

Growing risks raise the urgency for building resilience

Hurricane Katrina's damage to the Gulf Coast was incalculable, with a huge storm surge of 25 to 28 feet reaching far inland. Scientific projections show that land subsidence along the Gulf coast, combined with accelerating sea level rise due to climate change, will lead to an estimated increase in local sea level of an additional 19 inches by 2050 in Mississippi and Louisiana. The rapid loss of coastal wetlands to growing development and industrial activities simultaneously reduces natural protections against storm surges and flooding and worsens their impacts.

These growing risks make it urgent to adopt a more protective, science-based approach to future planning, one that considers the perspectives of frontline communities and their first-hand experience of climate impacts.

Some tough choices are ahead in places where the seas will ultimately prevail. Coastal Louisiana, for instance, is already experiencing a loss of coastal land, which is set to grow significantly over time. Those living in these highest-risk places deserve the resources to ensure they have options even in these difficult circumstances.

Preparing and protecting communities ahead of time

What about preparing before disaster strikes? A recent GAO report found that despite numerous expert recommendations highlighting the value of pre-disaster mitigation efforts, we tend to spend much more on post-disaster recovery.

For example, from fiscal years 2011-2014, FEMA obligated more than $3.2 billion for HMGP post disaster hazard mitigation while the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program obligated approximately $222 million.

A 2014 report from the Office of the Inspector General, Department of Homeland Security found that:

Over 8 years since Hurricane Katrina, FEMA has not obligated approximately $812 million of the $2.16 billion in authorized mitigation funds... This $812 million represents missed or delayed opportunities to protect lives and property from future disasters.

Investing adequate resources in preparing communities ahead of the next disaster is critical. It's a smarter, more cost-effective way to use limited taxpayer dollars and can help us plan instead of merely being in an emergency response framework.

What's more, FEMA and HUD need to do more to proactively engage with frontline communities, understand their needs, and build working relationships before a storm hits. That will make recovery efforts more effective and aligned with a community's wants.

FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Grant Program is the primary source of federal funds to help communities become more resilient after disasters. FEMA's Public Assistance program assists in debris removal, emergency measures, and restoration of infrastructure. Where cost-effective, this includes funding for measures to reduce future risks and repairing damaged buildings and infrastructure. FEMA pays up to 75% of a project's costs through these programs, while the state contributes 25%. HUD's Community Development Block Grant program is another federal source of recovery and rebuilding funds.

Local groups fight back

Local residents in Gulf Coast cities and towns affected by Hurricane Katrina have fought hard to protect and revitalize their communities and regain decision-making power. Through organizations, including the North Gulfport Community Land Trust, the NAACP, the Steps Coalition, the Sierra Club, the Audubon Society, the Gulf Coast Fund, the Gulf Restoration Network, the Deep South Center for Environmental Justice, the Greater New Orleans Organizers' Roundtable, regional collaborations like Gulf South Rising, and many others they are advocating for environmental and climate justice and putting pressure on state. Local officials to include their perspectives in how funds are used and how the region plans for coastal development and restoration.

Making resilience policies more effective and equitable

There are clear opportunities to help ensure frontline communities are better prepared and protected. These include:

• Targeting funding for hazard mitigation and disaster recovery to those most at risk. FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Grant Program and disaster aid programs, and HUD's CDBG program should specifically allocate a portion of funds to meet the needs of frontline communities, especially low-income and otherwise marginalized communities. States should also follow new guidance issued by FEMA that encourages them to become more resilient by requiring them to incorporate climate change considerations in scoping and developing their hazard mitigation projects. It should be noted that using a strict cost-benefit test for projects could leave low-income communities at a significant disadvantage in accessing funds for disaster preparedness. Programs like HUD's HOME and Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program should target adequate funds for the repair and rebuilding of affordable housing and rental housing in a timely and more climate-resilient way.
• Providing access to the best-available actionable science, data, and tools. The best available actionable climate science should inform state and local adaptation planning and must be developed in consultation with local stakeholders. Scaling up these efforts, linking them where useful, localizing the information as much as possible, making them widely accessible to communities, and building local capacity to use them will require national-level commitment and funding. The Obama Administration's Climate Data Initiative is an important step forward. Federal government agencies need adequate funding from Congress to create publicly accessible databases for critical data and tools that allow different types of data from different agencies to be more easily combined to give a fuller picture of the multiple stressors communities might face. Recent helpful examples include NOAA's Digital Coast initiative and the EPA's EJSCREEN tool, but these too can be improved with additional data layers and more localized information.
• Creating a National Resilience Fund. Ultimately, we will need a national resilience fund, authorized by Congress, with adequate funding to help prepare and protect communities from the impacts of climate change, including sea level rise and coastal flooding. Because some communities will bear the brunt of climate impacts disproportionately, we must prioritize their funding needs as a nation. There's also no escaping that there will be tough choices ahead for some communities at the greatest risk from sea level rise and may eventually have to move. Even under those circumstances, communities should have choices, including through fair buyout and resettlement programs and support for safeguarding items of cultural significance.

Addressing climate change must be a national priority

The 'Katrina 10 Week of Action', commemorating the 10^th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, is a powerful testament to the strength and endurance of frontline communities in the Gulf Coast states. It's also a reminder that if we fail to take action to protect frontline communities, the devastation and hardships they face today will be a reality for many more communities tomorrow. Let's honor the losses that so many, many people suffered through Hurricane Katrina and other more hidden daily disasters unfolding even now in frontline communities by ensuring that the core American values of fairness and equity are a part of all our climate solutions.