Amidst the national fixation on the outcome of the trial of George Floyd's murderer and political jockeying over the president's mega infrastructure proposal, the significance of President Biden's first new Cold War summit with a foreign leader was lost to most Americans. In politics, symbolism is often substance, and such was the case when the U.S. and Japanese heads of state convened to demonstrate their common military, economic, diplomatic and scientific front against China's rising power and influence.
Not lost on the Japanese public as it faces September elections were the photos and headlines trumpeting the honor given to Prime Minister Suga as the first foreign head of state to be welcomed to Washington, D.C. by President Biden.
"Conflict and war with China are not inevitable and must be avoided."
When the two leaders met with the press to broadcast their "ironclad" commitments to the 70-year-old military alliance, which was forced on Japan in 1952 as a condition for ending the post-war military occupation, Biden stressed the importance of the alliance to continued U.S. supremacy.
"Our commitment to meet in person," Biden said, "is indicative of the importance, the value we both place on this relationship. We're going to work together to prove that democracies can still compete and win in the 21st century."
Biden continued, "Today Prime Minister Suga and I affirmed our ironclad support for the U.S.-Japanese alliance and for our shared security. We committed to working together to take on the challenges from China and on issues like the East China Sea, the South China Sea, as well as North Korea, to ensure a future of a free and open Indo Pacific."
The two powers also underscored their agreement of "the importance of peace and stability of the Taiwan Strait between Japan and the United States, which was reaffirmed." This at a time when the Biden Administration is ramping up diplomatic and military support for Taipei, and China has responded with dangerously provocative intrusions of Taiwanese airspace by its warplanes.
Lost in the cliched rhetoric was that China's economy, and thus its government's stability, are dependent on international trade and thus to the unimpeded transport of goods and resources across the Indian and South China Seas. Similarly, the reference to "democracies" left something wanting. Japan has been a functional one-party state for almost seven decades. India, a key alliance partner, is increasingly an authoritarian Hindu nationalist state in which millions of Muslims have been disenfranchised. And President Duterte in the Philippines presides over a murderous dictatorship, the leadership of which may soon be transferred to the dictator's daughter.
The centrality of the alliance with Japan to maintaining United States power and privilege as the dominant--and in President Obama's words "Pacific nation"--was signaled before Prime Minister Suga made his way to Washington. In March, as part of the Biden Administration's diplomatic and military shows of force on the eve of Tony Blinken's and Jake Sullivan's confrontational quasi-summit with the Chinese counterparts in Anchorage, the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense Austin, made their first overseas travel to Tokyo to demonstrate alliance solidarity and thus its implicit threat to Beijing.
Japan, which "hosts" more than 100 U.S. military bases and installations from Hokkaido in the north, to Okinawa in the South, has long been seen as the "keystone" of U.S. Asia-Pacific power and the "hub" of the "hub and spokes" Asia-Pacific alliance structure. As former Prime Minister Nakasone once remarked, "Japan is an unsinkable aircraft carrier for the United States." It served as a Cold War bastion against China and the Soviet Union, as the home of the U.S. 7th fleet, and as the jumping off point for U.S. forces during the Korean and Iraq Wars, and for military operations across the Western Pacific.
Yet, even as Japan's national security policy is anchored by the United States nuclear umbrella, so-called extended nuclear deterrence, it too has become a regional power. Most people in the United States still think of Japan as a peaceful nation due to its U.S. imposed war renouncing Peace Constitution which even prohibits maintenance of a military force. But, in what passes for Japanese democracy, constitutional provisions and the law have consistently been bent to serve power politics.
Beginning with pressure from the Truman Administration during the Korean War, allied with nationalist and militarist Japanese forces, Tokyo has created a military by another name: the Japanese Self Defense Forces. It includes Asia's most technologically advanced navy which has joined the U.S. in provocative "integrated operations" in the South China Sea. Its missiles, which can reach Mars, could certainly be targeted against Beijing and Shanghai. And despite the Japanese people's "nuclear allergy" in the wake of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atom bombings, the government maintains 47 tons of plutonium and is often described as being a screwdriver turn away from becoming a nuclear power.
While working hand in hand with the United States in developing the Quad (the emerging U.S., Japanese, Australian and Indian alliance structure) to encircle and contain China, that alliance and its diplomatic, economic and military ties with Taiwan and ASEAN nations are designed to persist even in the event of a possible future U.S. withdrawal from the western Pacific.
Like every other nation, Japan is a country of competing interests which cannot be ignored. Powerful Japanese forces have vested interests in stable relations with China and press to limit actions that could undermine their wealth and influence. In 2019 Japanese firms and institutions had more than $130 billion invested in China. Potentially more important for Japanese economic stability in its era of stagnation is its $317 billion in annual trade with China.
In addition, there is also the reality of Japanese disorientation. China's rise and increasing military power, after a century of Japanese looking down on the weaker and long impoverished nation--including fifteen years of war and colonization of much of the Middle Kingdom--have come as a shock to Japanese society. Japan's priorities lie maintaining stability, thus it has joined the U.S. to manage and contain China's rise. In their meeting with the press, Prime Minister Suga stressed this commitment by saying, "we agreed to oppose any attempts to change the status quo by force or coercion in the East and South China Seas and the intimidation of others in the region." He also reaffirmed Japan's commitment to maintain the status quo in Taiwan.
That said, protecting Japanese economic interests which are intimately tied to Suga's Liberal Democratic Party, requires sensitive diplomatic balancing which will keep Suga and his mandarins busy in the months ahead. China protested that the U.S.-Japanese summitry went "far beyond the scope of normal development of bilateral relations" and sowed regional division. Japanese officials must now thread the diplomatic needle in the complex and difficult negotiations for Xi Xining's planned 2022 visit to Tokyo to mark the 50th anniversary of the restoration of formal relations a decade and a half after Japan's surrender and panicked withdrawal from the Asian mainland.
Eager to avoid the consequences of offending Beijing, Japan is the only G-7 power not to have condemned or joined in sanctioning China for its repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang. Despite the charge of Chinese "genocide" by both the Trump and Biden administrations for Beijing's mass imprisonment and repression of Uighers, Biden and Blinken had to compromise in the wording of the joint statement for the sake of maintaining the alliance. "Concern," not outrage, was the wording used to describe their response to developments in Xinjiang.
In addition to the primacy given to showcasing the alliance and highlighting South and East China Sea and Taiwan military commitments a number of other commitments were made in the joint statement and in the press conference. Recognizing that scientific and technological supremacy is central to the exercise of power in the 21st century, Biden and Suga committed to jointly invest $4.5 billion to boost their ability to surpass China in 5-G, AI, and quantum computing, and to reconstruct their semiconductor supply chains. They agreed to coordinate their approach to North Korea, with the hope of including South Korea in that coordination. And, while the fate of this summer's Tokyo Olympics remains uncertain, and with them Prime Minister Suga's hopes that successful games will boost his September reelection chances, President Biden offered his support for the pandemic threatened extravaganza.
Next up, President Moon of South Korea will be making his alliance pilgrimage to Washington, D.C. in May. Heralding that summit's success will not come as easily as it did for the theater with Prime Minister Suga. The Republic of Korea is more economically dependent on trade with China than is Japan. Resolving the nuclear crisis and taking steps toward reunification with North Korea are more important to President Moon than joining with the United States and Japan to contain Beijing. The lure of engagement with China's economy and its potential role in facilitating negotiations with Pyongyang leave the U.S.-South Korean alliance less than "rock solid."
The existential truth is that the U.S. and China are caught in the Thucydides Trap, the historic pattern of inevitable tension between rising and declining powers that have too often climaxed in catastrophic wars--two World Wars in the 20th century. Conflict and war with China are not inevitable and must be avoided.
Instead of seeking to contain China militarily, economically, technologically and diplomatically, we should be taking lessons from the establishment of detente with the Soviet Union during the last Cold War. Faced with the existential threats to humanity's survival we should be focusing of cooperation with China to reverse climate change, defeat and prevent pandemics, and rid the world of the nuclear sword of Damocles. We know how to solve these greatest threats to humanity and would do well to honor the wisdom of the Russell-Einstein appeal, by remembering our humanity and forgetting the rest.
