More than a decade after Occupy Wall Street, inequality remains a major political issue in the world today. Most people agree that inequality is too extreme and needs to be reduced.
In Britain, the income ratio between the richest 0.01 percent and minimum-wage workers has reached around 150 to one. Within the FTSE 100 firms, pay ratios between CEOs and lower-paid workers hover at about 100 to one. Similar inequalities prevail in many other countries, while in the United States the figures are much worse, with pay ratios sometimes reaching into the thousands.
There is nothing natural or inevitable about extreme inequality. It is the predictable result of an economic system that distributes income based on who owns the means of production and who has the most market power, rather than according to any common-sense principle of labour contribution, human needs or justice.
Inequality corrodes society and poisons democracy, but it is also ecologically dangerous. The rich consume an extraordinary amount of energy, resulting in high emissions and making decarbonisation more difficult to achieve. Recent research by Joel Millward-Hopkins published in Nature Communications shows that if we want to ensure decent lives for everyone on the planet and also decarbonise quickly enough to feasibly achieve the Paris Agreement goals, we will need to dramatically reduce the purchasing power of the rich, while distributing resources more fairly.
There is nothing natural or inevitable about extreme inequality. It is the predictable result of an economic system that distributes income based on who owns the means of production and who has the most market power, rather than according to any common-sense principle of labour contribution, human needs or justice.
But how much should inequality be reduced? What is an appropriate level of inequality? Millward-Hopkins' research shows that if we ensure everyone has access to resources necessary for decent living, then a distribution where the richest consume at most around six times that level would be compatible with achieving climate stability. This may sound radical, but in fact, this distribution is very close to what people around the world say is a "fair" level of inequality. In many countries - such as Argentina, Norway and Turkey - people say they want inequality to be even lower, with ratios less than four to one.
People want to live in a fair and equitable society. This is clear when we look at public sector pay scales, the closest thing we have to a democratically determined distribution. In major British institutions like the National Health Service (NHS) and the universities, where staff unions have a say over pay scales, the gaps between the highest and lowest salary bands rarely exceed five to one. If we correct for career stage, the gaps are much smaller: the starting salary for a doctor or a lecturer is only about twice as high as that of a cleaner.
When distributions are decided democratically, people tend to opt for more egalitarian outcomes. From my own experience in public sector unions, I know that many members would prefer - and argue for - an even more equitable distribution than present pay scales represent. And there is strong opposition from employees and unions to the recent tendency in British universities and hospital trusts to have vice chancellors and CEOs who are paid outside the normal pay scale - a practice that should clearly be abolished.
For another benchmark, we can look at cooperatives. The Mondragon Corporation is a massive federation of democratically run businesses in Spain, with more than 80,000 workers. Across Mondragon enterprises, pay ratios average five to one. In some, it's as low as three to one. Again, this provides evidence that when people are given a fair say in the matter, they gravitate towards figures like these.
If the same democratic logic was applied to any national economy, it would deliver dramatic reductions in inequality. This would help cut corruption out of our political systems, it would improve our sense of solidarity, and it would deliver the impressive benefits that are known to be associated with a more egalitarian distribution of income: everything from lower crime rates to less anxiety.
People tend to think of income as an abstract number, and this abstraction gives rise to the impression that there's no reason to impose a limit. But in reality, income represents control over the collective product, and command over labour. A pay ratio of five to one means that one person can command the labour of five, and can consume five times more of everything the economy produces: five times more houses, cars, flights, televisions and food. Put in these terms, five to one may well seem too high, and it makes sense that unions often opt for career stage-adjusted ratios closer to two to one.
